Psychosocial Adjustment Factors Associated with Child-Parent Violence: The Role of Family Communication and a Transgressive Attitude in Adolescence.

According to official sources, the amounts of children-to-parent violence (CPV) in most advanced countries have been on an increasing trend for more than a decade, which generates great social concern. This phenomenon has also aroused enormous interest among researchers, who have identified risk and protective factors related to adolescent CPV in numerous studies. The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationship between offensive family communication and CPV in adolescence, and the moderating role that two psychosocial adjustment factors may be playing: a positive attitude towards the transgression of rules and psychological distress. A total of 7787 adolescents between 11 and 16 years of age (M = 13.37, SD = 1.34) from secondary schools in the state of Nuevo León (Mexico) participated in the study (51.5% boys, 48.5% girls). Structural equation modelling was performed using structural equation modelling software (EQS). The results showed that offensive family communication has a direct and significant relationship with CPV. It was also observed that there is an indirect relationship between both variables, through the relationships of psychological distress and a positive attitude towards the transgression of rules. The multigroup analysis performed showed gender differences in some of these relationships. Finally, the results and their implications in the field of family intervention are discussed.

The contribution of an X chromosome QTL to non-Mendelian inheritance and unequal chromosomal segregation in A. freiburgense.

Auanema freiburgense is a nematode with males, females, and selfing hermaphrodites. When XO males mate with XX females, they typically produce a low proportion of XO offspring because they eliminate nullo-X spermatids. This process ensures that most sperm carry an X chromosome, increasing the likelihood of X chromosome transmission compared to random segregation. This occurs because of an unequal distribution of essential cellular organelles during sperm formation, likely dependent on the X chromosome. Some sperm components are selectively segregated into the X chromosome's daughter cell, while others are discarded with the nullo-X daughter cell. Intriguingly, the interbreeding of two A. freiburgense strains results in hybrid males capable of producing viable nullo-X sperm. Consequently, when these hybrid males mate with females, they yield a high percentage of male offspring. To uncover the genetic basis of nullo-spermatid elimination and X- chromosome drive, we generated a genome assembly for A. freiburgense, and genotyped the intercrossed lines. This analysis identified a Quantitative Trait Locus spanning several X chromosome genes linked to the non-Mendelian inheritance patterns observed in A. freiburgense. This finding provides valuable clues to the underlying factors involved in asymmetric organelle partitioning during male meiotic division and thus non-Mendelian transmission of the X chromosome and sex ratios.

Differences in the link between social trait judgment and socio-emotional experience in neurotypical and autistic individuals.

Neurotypical (NT) individuals and individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) make different judgments of social traits from others' faces; they also exhibit different social emotional responses in social interactions. A common hypothesis is that the differences in face perception in ASD compared with NT is related to distinct social behaviors. To test this hypothesis, we combined a face trait judgment task with a novel interpersonal transgression task that induces measures social emotions and behaviors. ASD and neurotypical participants viewed a large set of naturalistic facial stimuli while judging them on a comprehensive set of social traits (e.g., warm, charismatic, critical). They also completed an interpersonal transgression task where their responsibility in causing an unpleasant outcome to a social partner was manipulated. The purpose of the latter task was to measure participants' emotional (e.g., guilt) and behavioral (e.g., compensation) responses to interpersonal transgression. We found that, compared with neurotypical participants, ASD participants' self-reported guilt and compensation tendency was less sensitive to our responsibility manipulation. Importantly, ASD participants and neurotypical participants showed distinct associations between self-reported guilt and judgments of criticalness from others' faces. These findings reveal a novel link between perception of social traits and social emotional responses in ASD.

One step too far: social cerebellum in norm-violating navigation.

Social norms are pivotal in guiding social interactions. The current study investigated the potential contribution of the posterior cerebellum, a critical region involved in perceiving and comprehending the sequential dynamics of social actions, in detecting actions that either conform to or deviate from social norms. Participants engaged in a goal-directed task in which they observed others navigating towards a goal. The trajectories demonstrated either norm-violating (trespassing forbidden zones) or norm-following behaviors (avoiding forbidden zones). Results revealed that observing social norm-violating behaviors engaged the bilateral posterior cerebellar Crus 2 and the right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) from the mentalizing network, and the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) to a greater extent than observing norm-following behaviors. These mentalizing regions were also activated when comparing social sequences against non-social and non-sequential control conditions. Reproducing norm-violating social trajectories observed earlier, activated the left cerebellar Crus 2 and the right PHG compared to reproducing norm-following trajectories. These findings illuminate the neural mechanisms in the cerebellum associated with detecting norm transgressions during social navigation, emphasizing the role of the posterior cerebellum in detecting and signaling deviations from anticipated sequences.

Marine Transgression in Modern Times.

Marine transgression associated with rising sea levels causes coastal erosion, landscape transitions, and displacement of human populations globally. This process takes two general forms. Along open-ocean coasts, active transgression occurs when sediment-delivery rates are unable to keep pace with accommodation creation, leading to wave-driven erosion and/or landward translation of coastal landforms. It is highly visible, rapid, and limited to narrow portions of the coast. In contrast, passive transgression is subtler and slower, and impacts broader areas. It occurs along low-energy, inland marine margins; follows existing upland contours; and is characterized predominantly by the landward translation of coastal ecosystems. The nature and relative rates of transgression along these competing margins lead to expansion and/or contraction of the coastal zone and-particularly under the influence of anthropogenic interventions-will dictate future coastal-ecosystem response to sea-level rise, as well as attendant, often inequitable, impacts on human populations.

The competition dynamics of approach and avoidance motivations following interpersonal transgression.

Two behavioral motivations coexist in transgressors following an interpersonal transgression-approaching and compensating the victim and avoiding the victim. Little is known about how these motivations arise, compete, and drive transgressors' decisions. The present study adopted a social interaction task to manipulate participants' (i.e., the transgressor) responsibility for another's (i.e., the victim) monetary loss and measure the participants' tradeoff between compensating the victim and avoiding face-to-face interactions with the victim. Following each transgression, participants used a computer mouse to choose between two options differing in the amount of compensation to the victim and the probability of face-to-face contact with the victim. Results showed that as participants' responsibility increased, 1) the decision weights on contact avoidance relative to compensation increased, and 2) the onset of the contact-avoidance attribute was expedited and that of the compensation attribute was delayed. These results demonstrate how competing social motivations following transgression evolve and determine social decision-making and shed light on how social-affective state modulates the dynamics of decision-making in general.

Conversations with God: How Are Religion and Spirituality Used to Make Sense of Forgiveness?

Forgiveness has a connection to religion and spirituality. Yet, little is known about how religious and spiritual people actually forgive. The present study investigated how religion and spirituality are used to make sense of forgiveness. The narratives of seven interviewees were chosen for close analysis of their experiences of forgiveness. McAdams's life story interview method and narrative analysis were applied. Five themes were formulated: (1) forgiveness as Christian duty, (2) forgiveness as God's miracle, (3) forgiveness through praying, (4) forgiveness through God's sacrifice, and (5) forgiveness as God's mercy. The findings indicate that God was important to the interviewees and supported their forgiveness process. Subthemes of revenge and justice suggest that sometimes forgiveness and revenge motives may be intertwined. Forgiveness was a divine process for the participants, and some felt that they would not have been able to forgive without God. Attributing forgiveness to God may serve the forgiveness process.

Psychosocial Predictors of Normative Transgression during the COvID-19 Pandemic in Peruvian Citizens / Predictores psicosociales de transgresión normativa durante la pandemia de COvID-19 en ciudadanos peruanos / Preditores psicossociais de transgressão normativa durante a pandemia de COvID-19 em cidadãos peruanos

This research investigated psychological correlates with norm non-compliance during the National State of Emergency declared in Peru at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, it looks at the relationship between Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), perceptions of legitimacy, strength and efficacy of the normative system, and trust in the institutions. It also looks at individual justifications for norm non-compliance and the frequency of transgression. A correlational research design using questionnaires was developed with a sample of 126 participants. Results show that transgression of government-issued norms during the Peruvian National State of Emergency is linked to the ideological compo- nent of SDO and perceptions of a weak and illegitimate normative system. These results are consistent with previous studies on normative transgression in Latin American countries. Additionally, results suggest that the need for subsistence (i.e., generating resources to sustain the household) is fundamental to comprehensively understanding transgressive behavior in contexts of vulnerability such as a global pandemic. The discussion highlights how a precarious socio-political structure ­ one incapable of meeting the basic needs of large sectors of the population­ emerges as a central cause of normative transgression in times of crisis

Esta investigación indaga los correlatos psicológicos con el incumplimiento de normas durante el Estado de Emergencia Nacional declarado en Perú con ocasión de la pandemia del COVID-19. Específicamente, se exa- mina la relación entre la Orientación a la Dominancia Social (ODS), las percepciones de legitimidad, fortaleza y eficacia del sistema normativo y la confianza en las instituciones. También examina las justificaciones individuales del incumplimiento de las normas, así como la frecuencia de la transgresión. Se desarrolló un diseño de investigación correlacional mediante cuestionarios con una muestra de 126 participantes. Los resultados muestran que la transgresión de las normas emitidas por el Gobierno durante el Estado de Emergencia Nacional peruano, están vinculadas al componente ideológico del ODS y a la percepción de un sistema normativo débil e ilegítimo. Estos resultados son consistentes con estudios previos sobre transgresión normativa en países latinoamericanos. Adicionalmente, los resultados sugieren que la necesidad de subsistencia (es decir, la generación de recursos para el sostenimiento del hogar), es fundamental para comprender de manera integral el comportamiento transgresor en contextos de vulnerabilidad como una pandemia global. La discusión destaca cómo una estructura sociopolítica precaria ­incapaz de satisfacer las necesidades básicas de amplios sectores de la población­ emerge como causa central de la transgresión normativa en tiempos de crisis.

Esta pesquisa investiga as correlações psicológicas com o descumprimento de normas durante o Estado Nacional de Emergência declarado no Peru na época da pandemia da COVID-19. Especificamente, ela analisa a relação entre a orientação de dominância social (ODS), as percepções de legitimidade, força e eficácia do sistema normativo e a confiança nas instituições. Também analisa as justificativas individuais para a não conformidade com a norma, bem como a frequência da transgressão. Um projeto de pesquisa correlacional usando questionários foi desenvolvido com uma amostra de 126 participantes. Os resultados mostram que a transgressão das normas emitidas pelo governo durante o Estado de Emergência Nacional do Peru está ligada ao componente ideológico da ODS e às percepções de um sistema normativo fraco e ilegítimo. Esses resultados são consistentes com estudos anteriores sobre transgressão normativa em países latino-americanos. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que a necessidade de subsistência (ou seja, a geração de recursos para sustentar a família) é fundamental para compreender de forma abrangente o comportamento transgressivo em contextos de vulnerabilidade, como uma pandemia global. A discussão destaca como uma estrutura socio- política precária ­incapaz de atender às necessidades básicas de grandes setores da população­ surge como uma causa central da transgressão normativa em tempos de crise.

Empathy or Counter-Empathy? The Victims' Empathic Response Toward Offenders Depends on Their Relationships and Transgression Severity.

Introduction: Empathy facilitates prosocial behaviors, whereas counter-empathy harms others. The question that remains unanswered is: when and for whom do people show different empathic responses? This study aimed to explore the effects of transgression severity and interpersonal relationships on victims' empathy or counter-empathy toward an offender. Methods: Before and after experiencing a slight or serious transgression, 42 college students were asked to imagine that they had different relationships (ie, intimate, strange, or bad) with a person and then report their empathy or counter-empathy toward that person from cognitive and affective aspects. Results: The results showed that, in the affective aspect, the participants' empathy for the intimate friend decreased after a slight transgression and even disappeared after a serious transgression. For strangers, empathy transformed into counter-empathy after the transgression, and its intensity increased with the transgression's severity. For a person in a bad relationship, the participants felt counter-empathy before the transgression, and its intensity increased with the transgression's severity. In the cognitive aspect, participants' counter-empathy toward the stranger and the person in a bad relationship increased with transgression severity. Discussion: These results suggest that interpersonal relationships and transgression severity can change the type and degree of a victim's empathy toward the offender. Our findings not only deepen our understanding of the cognitive aspect of counter-empathy but also provide insights for handling interpersonal conflict.

Moral transgression modulates fairness considerations in the ultimatum game: Evidence from ERP and EEG data.

People tend to dislike and punish unfair behaviors in social interactions, and this disposition may be moderated by the characteristics of their interaction partner. We used a modified ultimatum game (UG) to investigate players' responses to fair and unfair offers from proposers described as having performed either a moral transgression or a neutral behavior, and recorded an electroencephalogram. The participants' behavior in the UG suggests that people quickly demand more fairness from proposers who have committed moral transgressions rather than neutral behavior. Event-related potentials (ERPs) revealed a significant effect of offer type and of proposer type on P300 activity. The prestimulus α-oscillation power in the neutral behavior condition was significantly lower than that in the moral transgression condition. The post-stimulus ß-event-related synchronization (ß-ERS) was larger for the moral transgression condition than the neutral behavior condition in response to the least fair offers, and larger for neutral behavior than the moral transgression condition in response to the fairest offers. In summary, ß-ERS was influenced by both proposer type and offer type, which revealed different neural responses to the offer from either a morally transgressive or a neutral behavior proposer.

Safety of brainstem safe entry zones: comparison of microsurgical outcomes associated with superficial, exophytic, and deep brainstem cavernous malformations.

OBJECTIVE: Safe entry zones (SEZs) enable safe tissue transgression to lesions beneath the brainstem surface. However, evidence for the safety of SEZs is scarce and is based on anatomical studies, case reports, and small series. METHODS: A cohort of 154 patients who underwent microsurgical brainstem cavernous malformation (BSCM) treatment during a 23-year period and who had preoperative MR images and intraoperative photographs or videos was retrospectively examined. This study assessed the safety of SEZs for access to deep BSCMs, preoperative MRI to predict BSCM surface proximity, and the relationships between BSCM subtype, surgical approach, and SEZs. Lesions were characterized as exophytic, superficial, or deep on the basis of preoperative MRI and intraoperative inspection. Outcomes were scored as good (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score ≤ 2) or poor (mRS score > 2) and relative outcomes as stable/improved or worse relative to baseline (± 1 point). RESULTS: Resections included 34 (22%) in the midbrain, 102 (66%) in the pons, and 18 (12%) in the medulla. Of those, 23 (15%) were exophytic, 57 (37%) were superficial, and 74 (48%) were deep. Established SEZs were used for 97% (n = 72) of deep lesions; the preferred SEZ associated with its subtype was used for 91% (n = 67). MR images accurately depicted exophytic BSCMs that did not require SEZ approaches (sensitivity, 96%) but overestimated the proximity of lesions superficial to brainstem surfaces (specificity, 67%), resulting in unanticipated SEZ use. Final neurological outcomes were good in 80% of patients with follow-up data (119/149), and relative outcomes were stable/improved in 93% (139/149). Outcomes for patients with brainstem transgression through an SEZ did not differ from outcomes for patients with superficial or exophytic lesions that did not require SEZ use (final mRS score ≤ 2 in 72% of all patients with deep lesions vs 82% of all patients with superficial or exophytic lesions [p = 0.10]). Among patients with follow-up, the rates of permanent new cranial nerve deficits in patients with deep BSCMs and superficial or exophytic BSCMs were 21% and 20%, respectively (p = 0.81), with no significant change in overall cranial nerve deficit (0 and -1, p = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: Neurological outcomes for patients with deep BSCMs were equivalent to those for superficial or exophytic BSCMs, validating the safety of SEZs for deep BSCMs. Preoperative T1-weighted MR images overestimated the lesion's surface proximity, necessitating detailed knowledge of SEZs and readiness to use them in cases of radiological-microsurgical discordance. Most patients achieved favorable outcomes despite the transgression of eloquent brainstem tissue in and around SEZs.

Insights from bauhaus innovation for education and workplaces in a post-pandemic world.

This paper examines Bauhaus School (1919-1933) innovation and relevance today. The School is a landmark in the history of design as a discipline and the development of design education. The School was also a workplace, commercialising Bauhaus-designed products. While drawing global interest in its innovations, the School faced resistance in Germany because it challenged conventions. This problem raises the questions: How did the School-workplace generate innovations amid the calamity of post-war Germany, and what is the significance of the Bauhaus for post-pandemic education and workplaces one hundred years on? The concept of 'transgression' is used to understand innovation at the Bauhaus School-workplace. Haraway discusses transgressive practices that disrupt established knowledges, moving ways of thinking and doing in new directions. Analysis of workplace learning research reveals that three interfacing dimensions make up innovation: (1) workplace environments, (2) the culture-order that facilitates innovation, and (3) learning in practice in authentic settings. This qualitative case study reports on how Bauhaus innovation emerged at the intersection of these key dimensions. There are surprising commonalities between the Bauhaus approach to innovation in challenging times and contemporary thinking about supporting innovation which are relevant to education, particularly STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics) education, and workplaces in a world affected by the COVID 19 pandemic. Thus, encouraging people who challenge boundaries, rules or 'the way things are' can support innovation. This paper addresses a gap in workplace learning research on interrelated dimensions of innovation which the Bauhaus recognized. The study also offers an innovative approach to the examination of innovation across time and space whereas most contemporary studies of innovation focus on the present. Further, conceptualizing innovation as transgression offers a new way of thinking about innovation in design and in the workplace.

Dispositional forgiveness buffers paranoia following interpersonal transgression.

OBJECTIVE: To test a novel proposition that dispositional forgiveness has the unrecognized benefit of buffering feelings of paranoia following negative interpersonal experiences and interpersonal transgressions. METHODS: In Study 1 (N = 128), we used an experimental paradigm, the Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG), to test the premise that an interpersonal transgression increases state paranoia. Study 2 (N = 180) used a longitudinal design to test the central proposition that dispositional forgiveness buffers state paranoia following naturally occurring difficult (vs pleasant) interpersonal events. Study 3 (N = 102) used a novel experimental paradigm to determine the causal effect of manipulating forgiveness on paranoia. RESULTS: In Study 1, interpersonal transgressions in the PDG increased paranoia. In Study 2, paranoia was higher following difficult (rather than pleasant) events, and higher levels of dispositional forgiveness moderated the negative effect of difficult events on paranoia. In Study 3, there was a causal effect of forgiveness on (reduced) paranoia. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first evidence that (1) interpersonal transgressions increase paranoia, (2) high dispositional forgiveness moderates the deleterious effect of interpersonal transgression on paranoia, and (3) dispositional forgiveness is causally related to less paranoia.

The fish can rot from the heart, not just the head: Exploring the detrimental impact of transgressions by leaders at multiple levels of an organization.

In this registered report, we examined the effect of transgressions committed by leaders working at different group levels within an organization on employee outcomes. Based on social identity theorizing, we argued that organizational leader transgressions would affect organizational members' experiences only at the organizational level, but that workgroup leader transgressions would impact organizational members' experiences at both workgroup and organizational levels. To test these ideas, we developed a 2 (leader group affiliation: workgroup vs. organizational) × 2 (leader behaviour: normative vs. transgressive) between-subjects experimental paradigm. As hypothesized, both workgroup and organizational leader transgressions resulted in decreased organizational identification and perceived organizational leader effectiveness. Contrary to our prediction, transgressions of both workgroup and organizational leaders were similarly detrimental to workers' workgroup identification. However, as predicted, a transgressive workgroup leader had a greater negative impact on perceived workgroup leader effectiveness than a transgressive organizational leader. When outliers were excluded, a workgroup leader's transgression was found to be more detrimental to work performance than an organizational leader's transgression. Overall, this study demonstrates that the transgressions of lower-level workgroup leaders can be as detrimental - and in some cases more detrimental - to workers than the transgressions of higher-level organizational leaders.

Moral transgression modulates empathy for pain: Evidence from ERP and EEG data.

Empathy for others' pain plays a critical role in human social interactions; however, the influence of moral transgression remains unclear. We examined the effect of moral transgression on the behavioral and underlying neural processes of empathy for others' pain. Participants performed a pain-empathy task separately in a moral transgression condition and a neutral behavior condition, while an electroencephalogram was recorded. Event-related potential (ERP) results showed that empathic response, as reflected in the late positive component, was smaller when participants performed the task in the moral transgression condition than in the neutral behavior condition. Time-frequency results also showed decreased empathic effect on the beta event-related desynchronization response in the moral transgression as compared to the neutral behavior condition. However, empathic response as reflected in the N2 component was comparable between the moral conditions. These findings demonstrate a moral transgression effect on both cognitive evaluations and sensorimotor processes of empathy for others' pain. Furthermore, spontaneous alpha-oscillation power recorded prior to the onset of empathy-inducing stimuli was significantly higher in the moral transgression condition than in the neutral behavior condition. Consequently, differences in sustained attention may be the physiological foundation of the impact of moral transgression of the observed person on the cognitive and sensorimotor processes of empathy for pain.

[Mechanisms at play in the perpetrators of incestuous acts]. / Les mécanismes en jeu chez les auteurs d'actes incestueux.

While the perpetrators of incestuous assaults are found in families from all social, cultural and professional categories, the vast majority of them have common characteristics. Linda Tromeleue, a psychologist and family therapist, works in the prison integration and probation service, particularly with incestuous paedocriminals who have been tried and sentenced. She describes their personality traits and the process established to carry out their transgressive acts, often for years.

Combining Parenting Strategies in Discipline Encounters: Influences on Moral Internalization in Adolescence.

Current research in the field of moral socialization needs to address more fully how combinations of discipline practices influence the internalization process. The present study examined young adults' retrospective reports concerning their mother's and father's disciplinary responses to remembered moral transgressions. Participants included 410 undergraduate students (Mage = 19.11 years; 79% female) who self-identified as White (74.9%), Hispanic (8.8%), Multiracial (8.8%), Black (3.2%), Asian (2.7%), and other (1.6%). Young adults provided narrative accounts of maternal and paternal responses to moral transgressions, then rated these responses in terms of their fairness and effectiveness. Discipline responses were coded for the presence of inductive discipline, mild punishment, or their combination. Results indicated that mother's use of inductive discipline with (and without) the presence of mild punishment was viewed as more appropriate than mild punishment used alone. Importantly, inductive discipline combined with mild punishment was viewed as more acceptable than (and equally effective as) inductive discipline alone. Findings for fathers were more limited, suggesting only that inductive discipline when used without mild punishment was viewed as more acceptable than mild punishment alone. Overall, mothers' use of induction with mild punishment in response to their adolescents' moral transgressions may not undermine the internalization of inductive messages and may even enhance its perceived appropriateness.

Response Decoupling and Partisans' Evaluations of Politicians' Transgressions.

There is growing interest in the study of expressive responding in public opinion surveys, with scholars seeking to determine whether partisan differences in response to survey items attest to genuine differences in perceptions or to insincere responses meant to signal in-party approval or out-party disapproval. This study focuses on partisan gaps in evaluations of the inappropriateness of politicians' transgressions and tests the effectiveness of a technique designed to reduce expressive responding. This "response decoupling" technique gives respondents the opportunity to separate their evaluations of a politician's performance from their evaluations of a transgression committed by the politician, thereby allowing partisans to both disapprove of the transgression and signal support for the politician. The technique was experimentally tested in a study in Israel (N = 906) and in two pre-registered studies in the US (total N = 3,172), as these studies presented respondents with a real-life transgression of an actual politician. Overall, the technique had a weak effect, as only in the Israeli study was the effect statistically significant. On the whole, these results suggest that while partisan gaps in evaluations of politicians' transgressions may reflect genuine perceptual differences, it may also be the case that allowing respondents to decouple their responses is not a sufficiently powerful method to reduce expressive responding. The paper concludes by discussing the implications and limitations of these findings. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11109-022-09796-0.

Fatherhood among adolescents in conflict with the law: A family systemic approach / Paternidad en adolescente en conflicto con la ley: una perspectiva desde la terapia familiar sistémica / Paternidade em adolescentes em conflito com a lei: uma perspectiva da terapia familiar sistêmica

Resumen (analítico) The objective of this paper was to analyze the construction of father-hood in adolescents who are in conflict with the law through an exploratory and qualitative study. Life stories were developed using the in-depth interview technique. The sample consisted of four adolescents in conflict with the law. Through interpretative content analysis, we obtained seven categories, including: emotional context of family origin, family functioning, witnessing family violence and the expression of masculinity by transgressing the law and using drugs. Paternity allows these young fathers to reflect on their own experiences during childhood and develop a paternal role during their transition process out of detention. The main role they assume in their paternity is that of provider, but they also make space to satisfy the affective needs of their children.

Abstract (analytical) El objetivo fue analizar la construcción de la paternidad en adolescentes en conflicto con la ley. Se llevó a cabo un estudio exploratorio y cualitativo, se construyeron historias de vida a través de la técnica de entrevista a profundidad. La muestra se conformó por cuatro adolescentes en conflicto con la ley. Se hizo un análisis de contenido interpretativo y se obtuvieron siete categorías: contexto emocional de la familia de origen, el funcionamiento familiar, ser testigo de violencia familiar y la expresión de masculinidad al transgredir la ley y usar drogas. La paternidad permite reflexionar acerca de sus experiencias en la infancia, desarrollar un rol paternal en transición, en el que asumen como principal función el proveer, pero dando espacio a satisfacer las necesidades afectivas de sus hijos.

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo foi analisar a construção da paternidade em adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Realizou-se um estudo exploratório e qualitativo, as histórias de vida foram construídas por meio da técnica de entrevista em profundidade. A mostra foi composta por quatro adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Por meio da análise de conteúdo interpretativa, obtivemos sete categorias: contexto emocional de origem familiar, funcionamento familiar, testemunho de violência familiar, expressão da masculinidade pela transgressão da lei e uso de drogas. A paternidade permite que reflitam sobre suas vivências na infância, desenvolvam um papel paternal em transição, em que assumem a função principal de prover, mas dando espaço para a satisfação das necessidades afetivas de seus filhos.

Beliefs about corruption and its valuation in university students and graduates of Lima and Callao. An exploratory study / Creencias acerca de la corrupción y su valoración en estudiantes y egresados universitarios de Lima y Callao. Un estudio exploratorio

Abstract The present study explores the beliefs and attitudes towards corruption of a group of middle-class and university-educated young people in the cities of Lima and Callao (n=22). A qualitative study was developed through in-depth interviews with a guide that inquired about three central themes (1) the conceptions about corruption, (2) the characteristics attributed to corruption and (3) the intention to become involved in acts of corruption. The results are contrasted with the definitions that from various organizations and from the social sciences have been developed on the subject. Specifically, participants identify three general conceptions of corruption. The structural conception of corruption defines it as a phenomenon rooted in institutions and normalized in society. The cultural definition presents corruption as a phenomenon with a historical foundation that influences people's identity, and the definition of direct corruption, which includes the daily manifestations of acts of corruption. The representation of the phenomenon is mostly negative, however there are some reasons when its presence is considered legitimate or necessary. Finally, the discussion shows how corruption erodes trust and affects life in society through the damage caused to the public sphere.

Resumen El presente estudio explora las creencias y actitudes hacia la corrupción de un grupo de jóvenes de clase media y educación superior universitaria de las ciudades de Lima y Callao (n=22). Se desarrolló un estudio cualitativo a través de entrevistas en profundidad con una guía que indagaba por tres temas centrales (1) las concepciones sobre la corrupción, (2) las características atribuidas a la corrupción y (3) la intención de involucrarse en actos de corrupción. Los resultados se contrastan con las definiciones que diversos organismos y desde las ciencias sociales se han desarrollado sobre el tema, identificándose tres concepciones generales sobre la corrupción. La concepción estructural de la corrupción la definen como un fenómeno arraigado en las instituciones y normalizado. La definición cultural presenta la corrupción como un fenómeno con un fundamento histórico que influye en la identidad de las personas y la definición de la corrupción directa, que comprende las manifestaciones cotidianas de los actos de corrupción. Aunque la representación del fenómeno es mayoritariamente negativa, se observan algunas razones sobre las cuales se considera legítima o necesaria su presencia. Finalmente, a lo largo de la discusión se aprecia cómo la corrupción erosiona la confianza y afecta la vida en sociedad a través del daño que se produce a lo público.